Within-Field Distribution of the Sunflower Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
نویسندگان
چکیده
The sunßower midge, Contarinia schulzi Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a pest of cultivated sunßower (Helianthus annuus L.). Larval feeding can cause damage and yield loss to the sunßower head. Adult emergence is extended and larvae are well protected in the sunßower receptacle, making chemical control methods difÞcult and expensive. Sunßower midge enter sunßower Þelds at the edges but Þeldwide distributions occur, although the dynamics are not fully understood. Two commercial Þelds in 1999 and oneÞeld in 2000were systematically sampled bydividing eachÞeld into Þxed sample points. Mean egg and larval densities from each sample point were used to describe sunßowermidgepopulations.The sunßowerheads at each samplepointwerealso assessed fordamage. Maps of sunßower midge population density, cumulative density, and sunßower head damage ratings were estimated with kriging interpolation. Maps were estimated several times during Þrst generation sunßower midge infestation. Field edges that were initially populated continued to be areas of infestation throughout the samplingperiod.Damage ratingswere related topopulationdensitieswhen infestationswere high. In 2000, we tested the larval hatching rate fromdifferent-sized eggmasseswith regression to determine an estimation technique for combining numbers of eggs and larvae.
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